Borobudur: Pyramid of the Cosmic Buddha
 
Table of Contents

    Foreword by Dr. Lokesh Chandra                                                    
    Preface by Mark Long and Dr. Lokesh Chandra                        
    Introduction                                                                                          
    About the Authors                                                                               
    Acknowledgements                                                                            
    List of Illustrations 
                 
                                                             

PART I: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS                                             

Chapter I: Distant Beginnings                                                              
The El Dorado of the Asian World - An Eclectic Approach to Cultural Borrowing - Early Inscriptional Evidence - The West Javanese Kingdom of
Taruma -  A Cataclysmic Event - The Book of Ancient Kings - The Aftermath of a Devastating Impact - The Emergence of the Sumatran Kingdom
of Srivijaya

Chapter II: The Rise & Fall of Central Java’s ‘Classic Age’   
The Illustrious King Sanjaya - The ‘Lord of the Mountain’ - The Maharaja of Zabag - An Ambitious Temple Building Program - The Shailendra
Decline on Java - The Maharaja from the Land of Gold - The Shailendra Beyond Java’s Shores - An Unknown Calamity of Horrific Proportions -
The Explosive Power of Merapi - The Vartanyan Theory: A Geological Basis For Mass Hysteria - The Migration to East Java: Other Hypotheses

Chapter III: A Buddhist Foundation                                                    
The One Thus Come - Challenging the Hindu Worldview - Enduring Symbols of the Buddha’s Presence - The Elder School (Theravada) -
The Greater Vehicle (Mahayana) - The Development of Mahayana Buddhism -  Tantric Buddhism - Initiation into the Mandala

PART II: BOROBUDUR AND ITS ENVIRONS                          

Chapter IV: The Magic of Location                                                   
In Harmony with their Local Surroundings - The Descent of the Cosmic River - Local Javanese Legends and Indigenous Practices - The Axis of
the Universe - The Mount Merapi Sunrise - King, Kraton, Kingdom and Cosmos - Candi Pawon and Candi Mendut - W. O. J. Niewenkamp and the Lotus Throne on the Lake - Exploring Borobudur’s Vicinity - Locating the Shailendra Kraton

Chapter V: An Approach from the East                                         
The Bas-reliefs on the Monument’s ‘Hidden Foot’ - Ascending the Eastern Staircase - Entering the Bas-relief Galleries - The Significance of the
Jina Images - The 72 Stupa-Buddhas at the Summit - The Stupa at the Apex of the Pyramid - The Meaning of the Name Borobudur

Chapter VI: Planning, Building and Restoration                         
The Ground Plan - Phases of Construction - The Mandala at the Summit - Ritual Deposits: Bringing the Temple to Life - Ancient Building
Construction Techniques - Conservation Efforts at Borobudur - The Never-Ending Battle

PART III: AN ARCHITECTURAL REAPPRAISAL

Chapter VII: The Residence of Divinity                                              
The ‘Foot,’ ‘Body’ and ‘Head’ of the Temple - Like Demigods Rushing Along the Ways of the Firmament - Borobudur and the Structure of the Vedic
Fire Altar - The Shailendra Chakravartin - Rites of Kingship - The Vastupurusha-mandala on Borobudur’s Summit - On the Road to Kusinagara

Chapter VIII: Numerical, Astronomical and Dimensional Symbolism          
The Numerical Symbolism of the Jina Images - A ‘Day’ of the Gods on Mount Meru - The Temporal Symbolism of the Lower Terrace Levels - Solar Symbolism in the Lalitavistara Bas-reliefs - The Numerical Symbolism of Borobudur’s Summit - A Time without Shadows - The Legend of King ‘Mountain Stone’ - Mirroring the Celestial Realm - Dimensional Symbolism

Chapter IX: Candi Mendut                                                                  
The Images inside the Main Cella - The Vestibule - The Cella Partition Walls - Along the Second Ambulatory Path - The Staircase Wings -
The Ground Level Ambulatory Path - A Rooftop Mandala? - A Lighthouse of Buddhism

PART IV: DECODING THE MESSAGE

Chapter X: The Ghost in the Machine                                           
The Matrix and Diamond World Mandalas - Eight Great Objections to Borobudur as a Tantric Mandala - A Sri Lankan Connection? - A Javanese Master of the Garbhadhatu Mandala - The Influence of Nalanda

Chapter XI: The Unfolding of Divinity                                                
Pacing the Void - The Five Revelation-Enlightenment Stages - The Akanishtha Heaven on Borobudur’s Summit - The Awakening of the Complete Manifest Buddha - The Production of a Four-faced Vairochana - The Three Mystery Bodies of the Buddha - Suggestions for Further Research

APPENDICES                                                                                              

A. Chapter End Notes  
B. Chapter References                                                                                
C. Glossary                                                                                                 

Index







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